185 points by ck2 2 hours ago | 107 comments

I don't understand why they would implement humanoid robots instead of purpose-built robots. The human form is not the most optimal way to do most tasks, especially as it relates to manufacturing. Robots don't need to look like humans, they need to be useful. Seems like putting in an awful lot of extra unnecessary work to end up with a worse result.

I'm not sure how many times this has to be restated.

It's car manufacturing. Everything that could be done by a purpose specific robot arm bolted down to the factory floor is already done by a purpose specific robot arm bolted down to the factory floor.

What remains unautomated, then?

The long tail of tasks that are too minor, too finicky, too open-ended or too reliant on manual dexterity to be offloaded onto traditional robots.

This is where this new generation of robotics comes in. This is the kind of task they're designed to do: "a task that's still done by a human in a high automation environment".

> Everything that could be done by a purpose specific robot arm bolted down to the factory floor is already done by a purpose specific robot arm bolted down to the factory floor.

Hah! Hardly. I say this as someone whose first "real job" was in applying robotics research to automotive assembly - there are still a ton of assembly tasks that could be performed by a fixed-base robot arm, or a robot arm on a linear rail/fixed gantry. Wheeled mobile manipulators are only needed in a few cases, and humanoid form-factor is only "necessary" in very few cases (and I don't think the current crop of humanoids is particularly suited to these tasks).

In my opinion/experience, the impediments are that (1) the system integrators that are usually responsible for assembly-line robotics are too stupid to figure out how to apply robots to the problem, (2) the automakers themselves are often too short-sighted/stupid/unwilling to invest in increased automation (and particularly in building the in-house competency that they really need), (3) the hostile/exploitative relationship between (most) automakers and their main suppliers means that low-hanging improvements to parts/assemblies are a non-starter, and (4) the automaker C-suite (and investors) are too drawn to silver-bullet solutions (e.g. humanoids) than practical automation improvements.

How long ago was your robotics experience?

An Amazon warehouse or Tesla factory tour would likely change your mind.

I had to do both of these in the last year and not a lot of humans around…

Also, a general purpose robot vs a custom purpose robot represent very different capital investment profile for the factories?

automotive workers unions started around 1918 and became major political players in the 30s -- a fact that i'm sure is wholly unrelated to why there are so many un-automated tasks in that industry.

But if these tasks are too minor, too finicky, too open-ended or too reliant on manual dexterity for a purpose-built robot, how can a general purpose robot perform them better? If anything, they should be doing worse.

The only thing I can think of are tasks that are so rarely done, it's not economical to build a robot for. But I then I also don't see how another robot solves this problem.

A) the idea is that these robots do have dexterity capabilities a lot closer to human hands

B) there’s a long tail of individual tasks it’s uneconomical to build purpose-built robots for each individual task. But it’s economical to have 1 robot that can do all of them.

These industrial robots have much better dexterity than any human alive.

The point is, human shape plus general purpose intelligence is an amazing combination to resolve the “long tail”.

Without the intelligence part, the body is useless.

Perhaps Boston Dynamics has that part resolved now too.

Intelligence is absolutely a valuable addition to dexterity, but no, current industrial robots have nowhere near the dexterity of a human hand.

And C) they don't always have to be at parity with human hands to be good enough because humans are flat out expensive. Humans need health accommodations, have sick days, vacation, and make mistakes too. The bar is much lower and the incentives are much higher than many people probably think.

and humans collude via unions

These robots operate on completely different principles.

One can lift insane weights, has insane torque, and absurd precision, and can do the same movement millions of times with virtually no deviation. You program these with an exact movement plan, just like you would programm a CnC with a tool path. They are basically cnc machines.

The other one is a inacurate, unstable, dynamic system controlled by neural networks and heuristics. It has massive deviation over each run, but that means that the programming must be able to account for it. Which makes it suitable to operate on problems that are messy, unrepeatable and human-shaped.

Pretty much. It's a total paradigm shift from how industrial robots normally work. A pre-planned motion executed carefully and precisely vs open-ended "do this thing" powered by a very large bag of opaque neural network heuristics.

It's a bet that The Bitter Lesson will win over Moravec's Paradox, in the end.

Well, humans obviously do those jobs, so a clearly a general purpose robot (in this case, a biorobot) has been found to do the job better. Don't overthink it.

Because it is general purpose. We did not have the ability to create a single robot form which could do all of these minor, finicky, and opened ended tasks. Now that seems within reach. The nice property of humanoid robots is that the world is already made for human form, and so if you're trying to replace people naturally this is what you'd want.

>> how can a general purpose robot perform them better

Better than what? It seems that as long as they perform the tasks "better" (cheaper / faster / lower-error) than the humans that are currently performing them, that is an improvement for the factory owner.

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It's not a "general purpose" robot, it is a "human replacement" robot, with similar skills and shortcomings to a human. Humans are not general purpose.

All you need to do is look at a recent video of car manufacturing process, and watch what the humans are doing.

Naw, the real answer is that factories have been built around human labor - they weren't built to be forward-compatible with purpose-built robots, so during the transitional period where we build these purpose-built robots, you need humanoid robots to fill in the parts where the factories were geared for human labor.

> What remains unautomated, then?

And the tasks that change from day to day.

They're just one of today's lucky ten thousand.

https://xkcd.com/1053/

According to this widely cited comic strip, if you are over 30 and didn't know it, you should be ashamed.

I don't think that's what it's saying at all. It explicitly says we should not be negative towards people for not knowing things.

I took a tour of the BMW Group Plant Spartanburg body shop. It's heavily automated with industrial robots inside safety cages. But they still have human workers pick up parts from rolling carts and place them into templates for the robot arms. BMW has been running a trial with Figure humanoid robots to automate that remaining piece. Apparently those robots haven't worked very well, but presumably Hyundai thinks they can do it better?

https://www.bmwgroup.com/en/news/general/2024/humanoid-robot...

BD was training Atlas for Hyundai factory in Savannah, Georgia for a while:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CbHeh7qwils

Our'legacy' world is built for human shsped operation. So a generic operator will hsve to mimic human shape.

Humanoidal robots make sense when they need to operate in spaces designed for humans bodies. Cars are designed and built to be used and serviced by humans, especially their interiors so you need humanoid robot to automate building them. Car exteriors are not built for humans to interact with so they are already being built by specialized robots.

Custom built robots are expensive (basically an R&D project in themselves) and inflexible, if you want to update the process you have to redesign your automated system. The dream of humanoid robots is they can adapt to new manufacturing processes like human workers.

I'm looking for a better video of it (from one of the engineers), but look at the NASA robot hand. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfDXzkFHnz0

https://www.google.com/search?q=nasa+robonaut+video+hand+why...

The gist of it is that all tools on the spacecraft (eg: space-drill, space-coffee-maker, space-airlock) are all designed to fit a gloved human astronaut hand. Waaaaay more complicated to make a robo-hand than a robo-suction cup or robo-claw, but then you are matching the environment, and guarantee tool compatibility against all extant tasks!

We already have specialized robots on earth... paper slicer, lawn mower, bazooka, whatever. They're all machines that are specialized for the task at hand, we're not making a humanoid robot that gets down on all fours and individually plucks blades of glass.

The car factories already have specialized robots... they're not mimicking a human hand holding a can of spray paint, shaking it up, and painting the car that way... it's a 6-axis arm, or a whole "grab the car and flip it while spraying paint" system.

It's not about inventing purpose-specific robots, it's about handling that long-tail of "stuff with tools that a human is designed to be able to use." Go over there, push that button. Go move that box from table1 to table2. Etc.

For well defined tasks in the factory domain, make a "real robot". For ad-hoc tasks in the interim... strap an LLM to a camera, battery, robo-legs and arms, cross your fingers, and hope for the best?

The human form IS the most optimal way to do most tasks

The first somewhat general purpose humanoid robot will sell like gangbusters to the rich, even just as a parlor toy/trick.

Because a humanoid robot can replace (theoretically) any human worker, whereas a purpose-built robot can only replace one kind of worker. Or at least that's what Asimov said in Caves of Steel.

I'm spitballing here as I don't actually have a concrete answer for you. But from my understanding automobile manufacturing is one of if not THE most advanced 'purpose-built' robotics sectors. While I agree with you that having a purpose-built thing usually wins out for assembly line manufacturing, I wonder if this isn't an attempt to branch out away from single-purpose robotics into more general or multi-faceted manufacturing.

I think the rationale is that they are already using typical car factory automation, but they see a huge potential market for general purpose robotics in the coming decades, they don't need the humanoids, they are simply dogfooding a future product.

I think this is smart and not very risky. Tesla is playing a similar game with Optimus, for now Hyundai/Boston Dynamics is at least 5 years ahead.

This same nonsensical question again. Because the world is built for humans, because these are general purpose to replace a human laborer. It can immediately go from picking up parts in a factory to mowing the lawn in the same day.

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Patient complex moves first.

They have god knows how manny bajillion dollars tied up in machinery designed for human use, a human can step in when the robot breaks, and they can buy more robots if the humans get uppity. Those seem like a bunch of good reasons to me.

The humanoid form factor is certainly may not be ideal but I guess they think the flexibility is worth it

You don’t understand because you’re not an expert? First off they have numerous non-humanoid robots if you follow them at all. Second, Clearly they’ve got strong reasoning, they’ve just been bought. Third, out of thousands of attempts at humanoids, their robots are seemingly the best we’ve yet seen in this class. They must be doing it right when so few others got any traction.

That's like saying there's no need for a generic CPU. The only way forward is a ASIC. Once a generic CPU does everything well enough, it's extremely versatile.

> they need to be useful

They would be. When everything what could be done would be done by a robot. 24/7. Even without the lights on the floor.

Why do you need software when FPGA can solve everything.

Robot Chicken had a fairly cynical take on this. I won't link it here.

It's much cheaper to create one general-purpose robot for everything than many different robots, each optimized to each task.

Back in December 2020, Hyundai purchased an 80% controlling interest in Boston Dynamics from SoftBank for $880 million, part of a transaction that valued the robotics company at $1.1 billion. That agreement included a put option allowing SoftBank to sell its remaining stake to Hyundai at a later date.

SoftBank has now exercised that option.

I don't think this is solely tied to car manufacturing automation. Even though Hyundai Motor Group is acquiring them, I would imagine they'd be well-positioned to commercialize general-purpose robotics and not just for car manufacturing, if Tesla is anything to go by.

I do think this might be tied to South Korea's demographics, by 2040 the working-age population is projected to decline 25% from 2020 and keep declining almost linearly until leveling out around 17M around 2065, a 50% drop total in < 50 years. I would think HMG / Hyundai sees a huge business opportunity or this might be a national-level political priority but I don't know the specifics.

Wait, haven’t they already owned them for years? Edit: right, they’re just buying the remaining 9%.

Hyundai could be the first owner that can actually turn BD's robotics in real product

Hyundai bumped their ownership up to 100%, and took the opportunity to reset expectations about when Atlas would be working in Hyundai factories.

While Atlas is the best humanoid robot so far, it still isn't useful in a car factory that's fully equipped with the latest factory robots that are strong enough to juggle car engines and are bolted to the floor.

Everyone knows the killer app for humanoid robots is building the Mars colony amirte?

There are plenty of tasks a relatively weak humanoid robot is well suited for. Basically any task that is 'human shaped' and not worth an automated line.

I still think dumping BD was one of the biggest mistakes of Sundar's career. And that's saying something.

There's got to be something wrong at the core of BD. They've been pawned off a bunch of times, and they still don't have products out the factory line like they should. I think the tech community has been impressed by their videos, but the fact that their most sold thing is a toy dog at a luxury car price point says a lot about the company.

My personal take is that one of the reasons is their posture against ML. They've been very "GOFCT" and have only recently started to incorporate ML concepts.

What is Gofct and does robotics industry generally just have had a slower adoption of ML because of the realtime domain requirements, I'm just curious and wondering aloud here.

Sorry, I wanted to make a pun for GOFAI (good old fashioned AI). CT stands for control theory.

Per this sale, BD is worth $3.25B. Just recently, Google paid $2.7B for two years of Noam Shazeer through the Character.ai deal.

This seems like a small correction if they wanted to reacquire and clearly the market isn't valuing BD all that high.

Why do you think it's one of Sundar's biggest mistake?

Yeah. Google was too impatient and forced BD to productize prematurely (Spot, Handle), then dumped them when it didn't work out immediately. AI just wasn't ready yet. Imagine if Google had let BD focus on research until DeepMind was ready with the AI side of things. I think with the right joint research program they could have already been deploying humanoids today.

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It’s so weird to use an AI generated image for this article when there are so many images of Atlas out there.

Take a step back and look at this article's diction and the rest of this entire website. Completely AI generated.

All those tokens have to go somewhere

Generating an image from an already open tab is faster than making a search engine query and selecting a good, high resolution image.

Who cares about quality. Speed is the new black.

Letting AI generate your image also dances around the issues of attribution and licensing, for better or worse.

ai generated imagery can’t be copyrighted while all other photography can and generally needs to be treated as it is. Therefore you likely have to pay a royalty to Getty or other asset outlet. Of use AI.

…who have quite conveniently already stolen and trained on all the copyrighted images. Thanks AI!

Please. It's all fair use. Otherwise AI companies can't repackage and sell what's out there for free.

On a relevant note: https://www.theverge.com/news/674366/nick-clegg-uk-ai-artist...

and tech companies wonder why consumers hate AI

What seems to be the problem here? Why is it offensive that someone didnt spend more time hand selecting a picture for the article?

There's a saying in Zen which I live by. "How you do something is how you do everything".

Start to be sloppy somewhere, you'll be sloppy everywhere. As we "learn and enable" to do things faster with less effort, the quality of the thing we (as in humans collectively) do decline.

AI, when used as the sole blunt instrument, accelerates this dramatically.

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The text reads LLM-ish as well.

And figure out usage and licensing and all that crap. So much easier to just generate a brand new image.

Little appreciated fact is news orgs have full time employees just dealing with licensing all day long, and they pay out millions of dollars when someone fucks up.

Yeah, now they don’t need that department.

If only they could make an engine or transmission that doesn't blow up at 80,000 miles.

So true. I hear they replace more engines than any other brand. I'm surprised they sell so well; a used Toyota would be a far better choice than a new Hyundai

Hyundai EVs are great though, the Hyundai Ionic 5N is probably the best EV there is (for car enthusiasts).

Luckily they have a 10 year 100k mile warranty.

...which AFAIK isn't transferable. IOW, used Hyundais are cheap for a reason.

Are you sure? The warranty is on the car, not the owner. Almost all manufacturers (except Tesla) transfer automatically and are based on mileage.

You have it backwards. Hyundai, KIA, etc will knock it down to 5yrs/60K for used car buyers.

Source: https://www.kbb.com/car-advice/car-warranty-guide/

Teslas new car warranty transfers as is to the new owner.

Source: https://www.tesla.com/sites/default/files/blog_attachments/m...

Although confusingly, the battery/motor on a Hyundai EV is covered under a different 10-year/100K warranty which does transfer to used car buyers. Important because of their unfixed ICCU problems.

5yrs is only for the 2nd owner. 3rd owner and beyond gets the shaft. Or rod, I suppose.

Why would they do that? It just seems like such a bad business move without really affecting anything.

Some MBAs probably calculated that it saves more money than they would lose by pissing off used car buyers. And they want people to buy new cars.

Their much hyped 10 year 100K mile power train warranty is only for the original purchaser. Once sold the warranty reverts to a more standard 5/60K term.

Who told you that? Unless you buy your Hyundai new, or CPO from a dealership, the powertrain warranty is 5/50.

Only if you happen to be the second owner. Third owners get nothing.

Of the important life-lessons to have before one turns 18; "don't ever be the third or fourth owner of a Hyundai" is right up there with not eating the yellow snow.

There's no shame in being broke, of course-it is merely a catastrophe. The fourth owner of a '11 Sonata is gonna have a different outlook than the fourth owner of a '73 Mercedes 600 Pullman.

So this appears to mean that Hyundai is effectively taking BD's humanoids "off the market" (B2C/B2B markets). And Softbank wants to take a different humanoids stake in OpenAI's plans.

Just a note for the thread Hyundai Motor Group makes cars and a lot of other heavy industry things - trains, defense, plant. Rolling robotics fully into their motor group makes complete sense.

rnteresting part is defense although the economics and power/range limits its practicality.

the other timing here is the increasingly belligerent union who are demanding pretty outrageous compensation for what a typical American worker would make. I think the goal is to immediately automate the workforce and move the plants out of korea speaking to insiders.

`buys` sounds like they have just purchased BD, should be `takes full control` or something similar.

I’m pretty surprised to see no mention of Agility in the conversation about other humanoid companies

BD always seemed more like an R&D company to me or even a university lab. Doesn’t seem like a good fit for a car company.

Boston Dynamics gets passed around again

Nope, Hyundai already owned it, they’re just going to 100%

Title really should clarify: Hyundai takes full control of Boston Dynamics

Rest is previously reported stuff.

Related from earlier in the year:

Hyundai Introduces Its Next-Gen Atlas Robot at CES 2026 [video]

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46520508

And old discussions when the intial buy happened:

2020: Hyundai to acquire Boston Dynamics

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=25363981

2021: Hyundai acquires controlling stake in Boston Dynamics for $880M

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27588047

BD always felt like they had some awkward demos but never really revolutionized anything. Now they seem far behind Chinese companies. What happened?

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nice

This is a bit disappointing, isn't it? Boston Dynamics had the coolest robots and everybody was marveling how they would take over the world eventually. Turns out the market isn't gigantic and the use cases are limited, at least for now.

However, let's hope they will keep on doing cool stuff under their new owner.

I don't think that follows. Hyundai could well sell these after they've dogfooded them for a while.

Car factories seem to be a pretty good initial market, given that Tesla is doing Optimus and Figure has humanoids in a BMW factory. But the whole point is that these are general purpose robots, and there are lots of other factories. By the time that market is saturated they'll be capable of more.

Outside of some military applications and maybe search and rescue, a lot of people kind of freaked out about Boston Dynamics. They have cool robots, sure, but at what cost if they are implemented by a bad actor? No thanks.

If it's disappointing then it's been disappointing for over 5 years, since Hyundai has owned the company for 5 years.

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