All 2FA options that require a phone like TOTP can be done just as easily on a laptop with a yubikey or nitrokey.
I have several business and personal bank accounts with two major banks. No Android or iOS needed.
Sure they push you hard to use them, but just say it is against your unspecified religion. They cannot make you use Android or iOS.
In my country we actually do have a large religious community which eschews the smart phone. Therefore all services are available without one.
I can tell you with almost 100% certainty: no banks in the UK use any 2FA other than SMS-based.
I spent December last year looking for a new bank to move to. One of my criteria (not the most important but it was on the list) was better-than-SMS 2FA.
No one offers it. There may be some niche, loosely-based finance org that does but none of the banks or Building Societies do.
So, unfortunately, you need it in the UK.
Barclays, with standard current accounts, provides several methods none of which are SMS. There's a separate pin-code device (called Pinsentry) that does TOTP and challenge-response, or passcodes for both telephone and Internet banking.
Yeah, Nationwide has the little PIN code device which definitely helps with transactions but not logging in: that's still old-school.
Most VoIP services support SMS. Still no cell phone hardware required.
And your medical provider who will only allow you to see your online medical records after an SMS 2FA challenge?
(not op). I use a dumb feature phones that can receive SMS for far less than 40€ (even cheaper, but I like the music player and some other things like bluetooh for headphones). I have a "twin SIM", i.e. my mobile carier gives me a SIM with the same phone number and if somebody calls me, both phones (smartphone and feature phone) ring. SMS can only be received at one number, but you can switch the SIM for SMS reception using the carrier website. Since I only take the feature phone when I leave home (to enjoy outside time without distractions) I usually don't turn it on.
SMS-over-VoIP