I want this but in credit-card form factor, with a screen built in.

Like the CYD[1], or do you really mean a credit card in all three dimensions?

1: https://esp32s.com/wiki/cyd-28-esp32/

A credit-card sized system seems like it would require a very small screen, a very small battery, or both.

With that said, add NFC, maybe a USB-A connector made accessible by part of the card folding back, and some UI mechanism to select TKIP codes, and a device like that could make an nice universal hardware security token.

Not Linux, but you mean something like the KIISU?

https://kiisu.io/

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Like a Linux phone?

If you can name me a phone the size of a CC ...

There are a bunch of tiny, no-name Android phones with 3” screens.

They’re awful to use but they are very cheap.

Men can dream, can’t they?

We had these in the 80s:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casio_Film_Card_calculators

I don't think it's too wild to expect Linux to run in this form factor, 40 years later.

Especially if you’re not looking for a gui. Just one lean SOC, stuff for power, and 80x100 character display.