Can someone explain how is it than once you pull something like this you effectively get real money?

What are the countermeasures, is something frozen blocked marked as invalid?

I'm completely ignorant on anything related to cryptocurrencies.

It work exactly same way as debt collection agencies work: banks sell them bad debt for cents on dollar. Then they try to get more money out of debtors.

Imagine someone offered you to buy $1,000,000 of that dirty money for $100,000? $10,000? $1,000?

At some point there will be people who would buy it and deal with money laundering.

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