Is it safe to assume all particles are equally as likely to be filtered, or are there particles that HEPA will filter that a MERV-13 will never filter no matter the number of cycles?

75% refers to the Most Penetrating Particle Size (MPPS), so they intentionally measure at the worst-case size so you don't have that problem. All other sizes are filtered at a higher percent.

Go look up MERV ratings there’s several in between HEPA and MERV-13. The stuff right below HEPA like MERV-15 gives best of both worlds.