Any modern processor has different execution ports specialized in different things and replicated a different number of times, and all of them can execute instructions in parallel.
It schedules to these transparently for you, that's known as superscalar execution. To maximize occupation, out-of-order execution and simultaneous multithreading are used.
Sure, but this was five (or six?) generations before actual superscalar x86 processors.
Three - after 8086 you had 80286, 80386, 80486 and then Pentium (superscalar).
80186 is often forgotten to have existed because it didn't see much success in the market / because IBM skipped it and went with 80286 for the AT, but it did exist.
The 80186 didn’t really introduce anything new architecturally. It’s basically an 8086 with a few more chips bundled on-die. 80286 however introduced protected mode, expanded the address size to 24 bit, hardware enforce memory protection, multitasking, etc.
I believe 80186 was for embedded systems.