Kagi is mostly based on Bing and Google results, officially by API and not scraped, and ranked by there own mechanism I think.

Kagi was using Yandex, it comes up on every Kagi post here. Seems that they've removed that info from their site now though...

Officially Kagi pays SerpAPI to scrape Google for them, since Google doesn't have an API they'll let Kagi use.

Interesting. So this means the new google.com/goto will exclude Kagi from the results?

Not necessarily, as evidenced by TFA, whose scraper still seems to work even after it visits each individual SERP entry to harvest the URLs.

But Kagi’s SERP API provider is going to have to adapt, I guess.