The undecidability of the halting problem yields an easy proof of Gödel's "zeroth" incompleteness theorem:
Statement: Every sound (i.e. not just consistent, but sound) recursive theory of arithmetic is incomplete.
Proof: Assume it is complete. List all its theorems by a program. Then one can decide the halting problem as follows: for any instance, look whether "the program halts" or "the program does not halt" shows up in the list of theorems (since the theory is complete, one of them must show up; and since the theory is sound, the theorem is true).
This also makes it obvious that at some point, the halting problem becomes "unprovably hard." There must be Turing Machines for which it is independent of the accepted axioms of mathematics whether or not they halt. And indeed, constructing such machines is not too difficult.
There is current research into finding the smallest such Turing Machine. Here is one with 748 states: https://www.ingo-blechschmidt.eu/assets/bachelor-thesis-unde...