Not really. For the most part, accessibility APIs provide programmatic interfaces to user interfaces, application APIs provide semantically meaningful interfaces to application functionality.
A closer analogue would be AppleScript, or rather, the underlying Apple Event and Open Scripting Architecture functionality supplied by the OS to support AppleScript, that allowed applications to expose these interfaces along with metadata documenting them, and for external tools to record manually performed tasks across applications as programs expressed in terms of these interfaces to make them easier to use (this last bit, while not strictly required, is convenient, and especially useful for less technical users).
If you're familiar with VBA in Microsoft Office applications, sort of like that, except with support provided by OS APIs that could be used by any application that chose to implement scripting support, official guidance from Apple suggesting that all well-designed applications should be scriptable and recordable, and application design patterns and frameworks designed with scriptability and recordability in mind.
Note that I use the past tense here, despite AppleScript still being available in macOS, because it is not well-supported by modern applications.