I think your is statement is inaccurate to the point of being intentionally misleading:
Many devices, when running, and in some cases even if turned off but connected to their battery, will ping cell towers (maybe even BLE/Wifi) and get triangulated by the network infrastructure (such as cell towers) without actively broadcasting the GPS location.
That's why I don't quite understand why the gubernment needs to have finer grained data (esp around the US/Mexican border). Precision location info would only be needed if you need to track people in densely populated areas.
Cell-site location information (CSLI) is not available to apps or adware and is protected by the Fourth Amendment.
It was freely sold up until a handful of years ago
Yes, but it is available to the gubernment ? Especially this gubernment?
That location information is not available to apps or ad networks without user consent. The government can access it from the carrier with a warrant, but that's not what we're discussing here.
Carriers have also sold customer location data, no search warrant required. Though we can rest assured that the FCC has slapped the carriers' wrists with the utmost seriousness.
And sold it to not just the government but anybody _claiming_ to be a bounty hunter (and some other professions).
I think that's very much what is discussed in this whole thread.
Couldn't you just maintain a list of cell tower IPs and figure it out with traceroute?