The fact that Asean and India did it, just like that, shows that the technical difficulty is no longer the issue.

Visa and Mastercard exists because of US hegemony. The Europeans just put their heads in the sand for a long time and accepted the "superiority" of American payment solutions because it benefited their geopolitical play at the time.

Some sources (Old and New):

- https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/exclusive-visa-comp...

- https://jakartaglobe.id/business/indonesia-expands-qris-reac...

- https://www.china-briefing.com/news/wto-china-unionpay-rulin...

- https://valorinternational.globo.com/foreign-affairs/news/20...