Samsung phones have the Secure Folder which can have a different, more secure password and be encrypted when the phone is on.

Secure folder uses or is in the process of starting to use Android native feature private space, which is available on all Android 15 phones.

I use the Cryptomator app for this, it works as advertised. I keep ~60 GiB of personal files in there that would be an easy button to steal my identity and savings. I'm just hoping it doesn't include an NSA back door.

you can check the github https://github.com/cryptomator/ios

Even if I had the skills to confirm the code is secure, how could I know that this is the code running on my phone, without also having the skills to build and deploy it from source?

Also, you need to make sure that the installation process does not insert a backdoor into the code you built from source.

The NSA definitely has easier ways to steal your identity and savings if they wanted to anyways