I always call this the difference of return branch styles. Yours I'd describe as "fast fail" aka return false as quickly as possible (for lack of a better terminology) whereas I personally prefer to have a single return false case at the bottom of my function body, and the other validation errors (e.g. in Go) are usually in the else blocks.
In JS, errors are pretty painful due to try/catch, that's why I would probably these days recommend to use Effect [1] or similar libraries to have a failsafe workflow with error cases.
Errors in general are pretty painful in all languages in my opinion. The only language where I thought "oh this might be nice" was Koka, where it's designed around Effect Types and Handlers [2]