I have an Intel (12th Gen i5-12450H) mini-pc and at first had issues getting the GPU firmware loaded and working in Debian 12. However upgrading to Debian 13 (trixie) and doing apt update and upgrade resolved the issue and was able to pass the onboard Intel GPU through Docker to a Jellyfin container just fine. I believe the issue is related to older linux kernels and GPU firmware compatibility. Perhaps that’s your issue.