That's just 10 30TB HDDs. Throw in two more for redundancy and mount them in a single zfs raidz2 (a fancy RAID6). At about $600 per drive that's just $7200. Half that if you go with 28TB refurbished drives (throw in another drive to make up for lost capacity). That is in the realm of lots of people's hobby projects (mostly people who end up on /r/datahoarder). If you aren't into home-built NAS hardware you can even do this with stock Synology or QNAP devices

The limit is more about how much data you want to keep in sqlite before switching to a "proper" DBMS.

Also the limit above is for someone with the foresight that their database will be huge. In practice most sqlite files use the default page size of 4096, or 1024 if you created the file before the 2016 version. That limits your file to 17.6TB or 4.4TB respectively.