It's an operating system used on 8-bit microcomputers (8080 and Z80-based). It's (sort of) an ancestor (API inspiration, really) to MS-DOS.

MS-DOS was more of a clone of CP/M. The sort of thing that was mostly possible because CP/M is so minimal that one person can rewrite/port it in a just a few weeks. MS-DOS also cleaned up some of the rough edges of CP/M, like soft locking the system if you tried to access an non-existent drive.

Interesting look at the controversy surrounding Microsoft, IBM, and CP/M.

https://spectrum.ieee.org/did-bill-gates-steal-the-heart-of-...