There are, but they each have their tradeoffs.

Proof of work and micropayments (eg. Xanadu or Internet Mail 2000) schemes solve spamming and LLM scraping, but are more expensive or more CPU-intensive.

P2P systems like FreeNet too, but they are harder to use and more storage intensive and make it easier to spy on individual users.

Tor solves UK-like surveillance laws but it's slower and makes it easier to spam.