From the programming language side of things the solution other languages use is to... just be fast. Java is fast enough, so is C#. Javascript/Typescript can be fast-ish, Go is fast enough, Rust is definitely fast.
So a lot of other major ecosystems are just self contained. All the "big" libraries are portable and written in the language itself, so they rarely plug into C/C++ (aka distribution/OS dependencies).
So Docker was basically built primarily for slow programming languages and I guess in a weird way, for C/C++, as you say? :-)))
If they were as easy to use as python everyone would do so but they're not because they're not as dynamic and that's the price to pay. https://pypy.org/ is the usual answer if you want speed with python but then you deal with glitches and libraries that don't all work and only a few people care enough about speed to put up with that. https://www.graalvm.org/python/ is technically even more fancy and by now it might also work most of the time.